Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Somo la Kesi Nyingi	Utafiti Shirikishi
Nyanja	Mbinu za Uwandani	Utafiti wa Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1999–2002 (Western formalization); Japanese origins 19th century	1946
Mwanzilishi	Japanese education tradition; systematized in Western research by Catherine Lewis, James Stigler, and James Hiebert	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury
Aina	Collaborative qualitative research design	Method
Chanzo asilia	Lewis, C. C. (2002). Lesson Study: A Handbook of Teacher-Led Instructional Change. Research for Better Schools. ISBN: 978-0944536483	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.
Majina mbadala	multi-site lesson study, cross-case lesson study, collaborative lesson research (multi-case), MCLS	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry
Zinazohusiana	6	1
Muhtasari	Multiple-case lesson study extends the Japanese lesson study cycle — collaborative planning, live observation, and structured debrief of a single research lesson — across two or more independent cases (schools, classrooms, or teacher teams). By replicating and comparing the cycle at multiple sites, researchers can distinguish context-specific findings from those that generalize across settings, producing richer evidence about effective instructional practices in humanities and social science domains.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.