Linganisha mbinu

	Multiple-case design-based research	Utafiti Shirikishi
Nyanja	Mbinu za Uwandani	Utafiti wa Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1992 (DBR); multiple-case variant codified through 2000s–2010s	1946
Mwanzilishi	Ann Brown and Allan Collins (DBR origins); multiple-case extension developed by the DBR Collective and scholars such as Jan Herrington and Thomas Reeves	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury
Aina	Interventionist qualitative/mixed-methods design	Method
Chanzo asilia	Brown, A. L. (1992). Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2(2), 141–178.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.
Majina mbadala	multi-site DBR, multi-case design experiment, multiple-site design research, MCDBR	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry
Zinazohusiana	5	1
Muhtasari	Multiple-case design-based research (MCDBR) is an interventionist methodology drawn from the learning sciences and education research. It extends single-site design-based research by implementing and iteratively refining an educational intervention across two or more distinct sites, contexts, or participant groups simultaneously or sequentially. The cross-case structure strengthens theoretical transferability and exposes context-dependent variations that a single site could never reveal.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.