Linganisha mbinu

	Uhalali wa Kinomolojia wa Ngazi Nyingi	Uthibitisho wa Utengano
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	2005	1959
Mwanzilishi	Chen, Bliese & Mathieu (building on Cronbach & Meehl)	Donald T. Campbell and Donald W. Fiske
Aina	Validity assessment / construct validation	Validity evidence / psychometric evaluation
Chanzo asilia	Chen, G., Bliese, P. D. & Mathieu, J. E. (2005). Conceptual framework and statistical procedures for delineating and testing multilevel theories of homology. Organizational Research Methods, 8(4), 375–409.	Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105.
Majina mbadala	cross-level construct validity, multilevel construct validation, MNV, nomological validity across levels	discriminant validity evidence, divergent validity, DV, AVE-based discriminant validity
Zinazohusiana	4	5
Muhtasari	Multilevel nomological validity evaluates whether a psychological construct and its network of theoretical relationships hold consistently across multiple levels of analysis — such as individual, team, and organization. It extends classical construct validation to nested data structures, ensuring that a measure means the same thing and behaves as theory predicts at each level.	Discriminant validity is evidence that a latent construct is empirically distinct from other constructs it should differ from. Originating in Campbell and Fiske's multitrait-multimethod framework (1959), it is a core component of construct validity and a mandatory check in scale development and structural equation modeling.