Linganisha mbinu

	Uhalali wa Kinomolojia wa Ngazi Nyingi	Uthibitisho wa Ulinganifu
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	2005	1959
Mwanzilishi	Chen, Bliese & Mathieu (building on Cronbach & Meehl)	Donald T. Campbell & Donald W. Fiske
Aina	Validity assessment / construct validation	Validity evidence / construct validation
Chanzo asilia	Chen, G., Bliese, P. D. & Mathieu, J. E. (2005). Conceptual framework and statistical procedures for delineating and testing multilevel theories of homology. Organizational Research Methods, 8(4), 375–409.	Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105.
Majina mbadala	cross-level construct validity, multilevel construct validation, MNV, nomological validity across levels	convergent construct validity, convergence validity, AVE-based convergent validity
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Multilevel nomological validity evaluates whether a psychological construct and its network of theoretical relationships hold consistently across multiple levels of analysis — such as individual, team, and organization. It extends classical construct validation to nested data structures, ensuring that a measure means the same thing and behaves as theory predicts at each level.	Convergent validity is the degree to which multiple indicators that are theoretically expected to measure the same construct actually correlate with one another. It is one of the two complementary forms of construct validity identified by Campbell and Fiske (1959) and is now routinely assessed via factor loadings and the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) statistic in SEM-based scale validation.