Linganisha mbinu

	Multilevel Item Response Theory	Mofumo wa Rasch
Nyanja	Education	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	2010	1960
Mwanzilishi	Adams, Wilson & Wu; Fox & Glas; De Boeck & Wilson	Georg Rasch
Aina	Item response models with a multilevel structure on the latent ability	Item Response Theory / Latent trait model
Chanzo asilia	Fox, J.-P. (2010). Bayesian Item Response Modeling: Theory and Applications. Springer.	Rasch, G. (1960). Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests. Danish Institute for Educational Research, Copenhagen.
Majina mbadala	Multilevel IRT, MLIRT, Hierarchical IRT, Explanatory Item Response Models	1PL IRT, one-parameter logistic model, Rasch Modeli — 1PL IRT, 1PL model
Zinazohusiana	4	6
Muhtasari	Multilevel item response theory (MLIRT) joins two powerful frameworks: an IRT measurement model that turns item responses into a latent ability, and a multilevel structural model that explains how that ability varies across nested groups such as classrooms, schools, or countries. Instead of first scoring a test and then running a multilevel regression on the scores, MLIRT does both at once, so that measurement error in ability is properly carried into the group-level analysis. It is the rigorous way to study how student and school characteristics relate to a latent trait measured by a test.	The Rasch model, introduced by Georg Rasch in 1960, is the simplest member of the Item Response Theory (IRT) family. It assigns a single difficulty parameter to each test item and places both item difficulties and person abilities on the same logit scale, enabling direct, sample-independent comparison of items and persons.