Linganisha mbinu

	Nadharia ya Jumla ya Ngazi Nyingi	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1990s–2000s	1969
Mwanzilishi	Brennan, R. L. and Shavelson, R. J. (extensions of Cronbach et al. G-theory to multilevel designs)	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Aina	Measurement / variance decomposition	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Chanzo asilia	Briggs, D. C. & Wilson, M. (2003). An introduction to multidimensional measurement using Rasch models and generalizability theory. Journal of Applied Measurement, 4(1), 1–19.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Majina mbadala	multilevel G-theory, ML-GT, hierarchical generalizability theory, multilevel G-study	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Multilevel generalizability theory extends classical G-theory to measurement designs where observations are nested within higher-level units — for example, items nested within raters, or students nested within classrooms. It decomposes score variance into components attributable to persons, facets, and their interactions across hierarchical levels, enabling precise estimation of measurement precision in complex, real-world assessment settings.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.