Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha vipimo vingi cha msaada wa kijamii unaoonekana (MSPSS)	Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Trauma	Saikolojia ya Trauma
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1988	1996
Mwanzilishi	Gregory D. Zimet et al.	Richard G. Tedeschi & Lawrence G. Calhoun
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.	Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471.
Majina mbadala	MSPSS, Perceived Social Support Scale	PTGI, Tedeschi and Calhoun PTGI
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The MSPSS is a 12-item self-report scale measuring perceived adequacy of social support from three key sources: family, friends, and significant other. Developed by Zimet and colleagues in 1988, the MSPSS assesses the subjective sense that one has available emotional and instrumental support—a critical protective factor against trauma-related psychopathology and a key component of resilience. The scale is widely used in trauma, mental health, and medical research to evaluate social support as both an outcome and a moderator of symptom severity.	The PTGI is a 21-item self-report scale measuring positive psychological outcomes and personal growth reported after trauma exposure. Developed by Tedeschi and Calhoun in 1996, the PTGI operationalizes the construct of posttraumatic growth (PTG)—the experience of positive life change accompanying psychological struggle with trauma. Unlike scales measuring psychopathology or symptom severity, the PTGI captures meaningful psychological and existential shifts often reported by trauma survivors, including enhanced relationships, increased personal strength, spiritual change, and life appreciation.