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Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Utafiti wa Uchunguzi wa Kesi Uliopachikwa wa Vituo Vingi× | Utafiti wa Kesi-Udhibiti wa Vituo vingi× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Epidemiolojia | Epidemiolojia |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1990s–2000s (multicenter adaptation) | Mid-20th century; multicenter framework formalised 1970s–1980s |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Nested case-control: Norman Mantel (1973); multicenter extension widely adopted in EPIC and other large consortium studies (1990s–2000s) | Epidemiology convention; seminal statistical framework by Breslow & Day (IARC, 1980) |
| Aina≠ | Observational analytical study design | Observational analytical epidemiological design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Thomas, D.C. (1977). Addendum to: Methods of cohort analysis: appraisal by application to asbestos mining. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 140(4), 469–491. link ↗ | Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1980). Statistical Methods in Cancer Research. Volume I: The Analysis of Case-Control Studies. IARC Scientific Publications No. 32. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon. ISBN: 978-9283211327 |
| Majina mbadala | multicenter NCC, multi-site nested case-control, pooled nested case-control, nested case-control within multicenter cohort | multisite case-control study, collaborative case-control study, pooled case-control study, multi-institutional case-control study |
| Zinazohusiana | 6 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A multicenter nested case-control study embeds a case-control analysis within two or more geographically or institutionally distinct prospective cohorts. Cases who develop the outcome of interest are identified across all participating sites, then matched to controls sampled from the same risk sets, enabling pooled estimation of exposure-disease associations with greater statistical power and geographic generalizability than any single-center nested design. | A multicenter case-control study is an observational design that identifies individuals who have developed a disease (cases) and disease-free comparators (controls) across two or more study sites simultaneously. By pooling recruitment across hospitals, clinics, or geographic regions, the design achieves larger sample sizes, captures exposure variability over broader populations, and improves the statistical power needed to detect modest odds ratios for rare or heterogeneous diseases. |
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