Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Uchunguzi wa Kesi Uliopachikwa wa Vituo Vingi	Utafiti wa Kesi-udhibiti
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1990s–2000s (multicenter adaptation)	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
Mwanzilishi	Nested case-control: Norman Mantel (1973); multicenter extension widely adopted in EPIC and other large consortium studies (1990s–2000s)	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
Aina	Observational analytical study design	Observational analytic study design
Chanzo asilia	Thomas, D.C. (1977). Addendum to: Methods of cohort analysis: appraisal by application to asbestos mining. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 140(4), 469–491.	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
Majina mbadala	multicenter NCC, multi-site nested case-control, pooled nested case-control, nested case-control within multicenter cohort	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
Zinazohusiana	6	6
Muhtasari	A multicenter nested case-control study embeds a case-control analysis within two or more geographically or institutionally distinct prospective cohorts. Cases who develop the outcome of interest are identified across all participating sites, then matched to controls sampled from the same risk sets, enabling pooled estimation of exposure-disease associations with greater statistical power and geographic generalizability than any single-center nested design.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.