Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Utafiti wa Kesi-Udhibiti wa Vituo vingi× | Utafiti Ulinganifu wa Kesi na Kidhibiti× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Epidemiolojia | Epidemiolojia |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | Mid-20th century; multicenter framework formalised 1970s–1980s | 1950s–1970s |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Epidemiology convention; seminal statistical framework by Breslow & Day (IARC, 1980) | Brian MacMahon and others; systematised by Schlesselman (1982) |
| Aina≠ | Observational analytical epidemiological design | Observational analytic design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1980). Statistical Methods in Cancer Research. Volume I: The Analysis of Case-Control Studies. IARC Scientific Publications No. 32. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon. ISBN: 978-9283211327 | Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755474 |
| Majina mbadala | multisite case-control study, collaborative case-control study, pooled case-control study, multi-institutional case-control study | matched case-referent study, individually matched case-control, pair-matched case-control, matched case-control design |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A multicenter case-control study is an observational design that identifies individuals who have developed a disease (cases) and disease-free comparators (controls) across two or more study sites simultaneously. By pooling recruitment across hospitals, clinics, or geographic regions, the design achieves larger sample sizes, captures exposure variability over broader populations, and improves the statistical power needed to detect modest odds ratios for rare or heterogeneous diseases. | A matched case-control study is an observational epidemiological design in which each case (a person with the disease or outcome of interest) is paired with one or more controls (persons without the outcome) who share one or more characteristics — such as age, sex, or clinical setting — to control confounding. Exposure history is then compared between cases and their matched controls to estimate the odds ratio of the exposure-disease association. |
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