Linganisha mbinu

	Kikundi lengwa chenye vyanzo vingi	Utafiti Shirikishi wa Vitendo (PAR)
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1980s–1990s	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
Mwanzilishi	Developed from focus group methodology; formalized in applied social research (Krueger, Morgan, and colleagues)	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
Aina	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative research method
Chanzo asilia	Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
Majina mbadala	multi-stakeholder focus group, multiple-source focus group, cross-source focus group, MSFG	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
Zinazohusiana	4	6
Muhtasari	The multi-source focus group method extends the standard focus group design by deliberately recruiting participants from two or more distinct stakeholder groups — for example, clinicians and patients, teachers and students, or managers and frontline staff. Separate sessions are held for each source group using a shared discussion protocol, and the resulting data are analyzed both within each group and across groups to reveal convergences, tensions, and perspectives that no single-source design could uncover.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.