Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Kipengee cha Vikundi Vingi	Nadharia ya Itikio la Kipengee (IRT)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1986	1952–1968
Mwanzilishi	Classical test theory tradition; systematised by Crocker & Algina (1986)	Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models)
Aina	Comparative item-level analysis	Probabilistic measurement model
Chanzo asilia	Crocker, L. & Algina, J. (1986). Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030616341	Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley.
Majina mbadala	MGIA, group-comparative item analysis, subgroup item analysis, cross-group item analysis	IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Multi-group item analysis computes classical item statistics — difficulty, discrimination, and corrected item-total correlations — separately for each subgroup in a sample and then compares those statistics across groups. It is a standard diagnostic step in scale development and test fairness evaluation, revealing items that behave differently for men versus women, across age cohorts, or across cultural groups before more formal DIF testing.	Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons.