Linganisha mbinu

	Uhalali Unganifu wa Vikundi-Mingi	Tathmini ya Utofauti wa Kibaguzi wa Vikundi-Mbalimbali
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1981 / 2000	1981 (foundational criterion); multi-group extension 1990s–2000s
Mwanzilishi	Fornell & Larcker (convergent validity criteria); Vandenberg & Lance (multi-group extension)	Fornell & Larcker (for the AVE-based criterion); extended to multi-group settings by the SEM invariance literature
Aina	Validity assessment procedure	Validity assessment / model comparison
Chanzo asilia	Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.	Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
Majina mbadala	cross-group convergent validity, multi-sample convergent validity, MGCFA convergent validity, AVE across groups	cross-group discriminant validity, multi-sample discriminant validity, MGDV, discriminant validity across groups
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Multi-group convergent validity examines whether items purported to measure the same latent construct relate strongly to that construct consistently across distinct subgroups such as demographic categories, cultures, or experimental conditions. It extends single-sample convergent validity checks into a comparative multi-group confirmatory factor analysis framework.	Multi-group discriminant validity assessment tests whether constructs measured by a scale are empirically distinct not just in one sample but consistently across two or more groups (e.g., cultures, genders, age cohorts). It extends standard discriminant validity criteria — such as the AVE rule and the HTMT ratio — into a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis framework to verify that conceptual distinctness is replicable across subpopulations.