Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Matukio ya Kiadili ya Majeraha (MIES)	Kiwango cha Dhiki cha Kabla ya Kiwewe (PDI)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kijeshi	Saikolojia ya Kijeshi
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2013	2001
Mwanzilishi	Nash, Marino Carper, Mills, Au, Goldsmith, & Litz	Brunet, Akerib, & Birmes
Aina	Self-report	Self-report (retrospective to trauma)
Chanzo asilia	Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T. A., Goldsmith, A. A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(3), 249-263.	Brunet, A., Akerib, V., & Birmes, P. (2001). Don't forget initial symptoms of acute stress disorder: Evaluation of a simple stack of criteria. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(7), 460-466.
Majina mbadala	MIES	PDI, Peri-Traumatic Distress Inventory
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The MIES is a 9-item self-report measure assessing exposure to morally injurious events in military personnel. Developed by Nash and colleagues in 2013, it captures three dimensions: perpetration (committing acts that violate personal values), betrayal (witnessing leaders/unit members violate moral standards), and observed moral violations. The MIES measures moral injury burden distinct from PTSD and is increasingly used in veteran mental health screening and treatment.	The PDI is a 13-item self-report measure assessing the emotional, physical, and cognitive distress experienced during or immediately after a traumatic event. Developed by Brunet, Akerib, and Birmes in 2001, it captures acute peritraumatic responses (dissociation, fear, confusion) that predict risk for chronic PTSD. It is widely used in emergency medicine, military medical systems, and trauma research to identify acutely traumatized individuals at high risk for persistent psychological injury.