Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Modified Rankin (mRS)	Kiwango cha Kutembea cha Multiple Sclerosis-12 (MSWS-12)
Nyanja	Neurolojia	Neurolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1988	2003
Mwanzilishi	Rankin scale original (Rankin, 1957); modified version by van Swieten et al.	Jeremy C. Hobart, University of Plymouth
Aina	Clinician-rated ordinal scale	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	van Swieten, J. C., Koudstaal, P. J., Visser, M. C., Schouten, H. J., & van Gijn, J. (1988). Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke, 19(5), 604-607.	Hobart, J. C., Riazi, A., Lamping, D. L., Fitzpatrick, R., & Thompson, A. J. (2003). Measuring the impact of MS on walking ability: The 12-Item MS Walking Scale (MSWS-12). Neurology, 60(1), 31-36.
Majina mbadala	mRS, Rankin Scale, Modified Rankin	MS Walking Scale-12, MSWS
Zinazohusiana	4	3
Muhtasari	The Modified Rankin Scale is a simple 0-6 ordinal measure of global disability or dependency in patients with stroke and other neurological conditions. Originally developed by Rankin in 1957 and modified by van Swieten and colleagues in 1988, it remains the most widely used global disability outcome in stroke clinical trials and clinical practice. Its simplicity, brevity, and strong prognostic association make it the gold standard for acute stroke outcome measurement and is mandated as a primary endpoint in virtually all stroke therapeutic trials.	The MSWS-12 is a brief, patient-reported outcome measure specifically designed to assess the impact of multiple sclerosis on walking ability and limitation. Developed by Hobart and colleagues in 2003, this 12-item scale captures both the physical difficulty and functional consequences of MS-related gait impairment. It is highly responsive to change and widely used in MS clinical trials and practice as a primary outcome measure for assessing intervention effects on mobility.