Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Modified Rankin (mRS)	Kiwango cha Ubora wa Maisha wa Upungufu wa Mfumo Mkuu wa Mishipa-54 (MSQOL-54)	Kiwango cha Ubora wa Maisha Hususa kwa Kiharusi (SS-QoL)
Nyanja	Neurolojia	Neurolojia	Neurolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1988	1995	1999
Mwanzilishi	Rankin scale original (Rankin, 1957); modified version by van Swieten et al.	Barbara G. Vickrey, UCLA	Lee S. Williams, Indiana University
Aina	Clinician-rated ordinal scale	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	van Swieten, J. C., Koudstaal, P. J., Visser, M. C., Schouten, H. J., & van Gijn, J. (1988). Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke, 19(5), 604-607.	Vickrey, B. G., Hays, R. D., Genovese, B. J., Myers, L. W., & Ellison, G. W. (1995). Outcomes in Multiple Sclerosis: The Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 Scale. Health Psychology, 14(1), 34-42.	Williams, L. S., Weinberger, M., Harris, L. E., Clark, D. O., & Biller, J. (1999). Development of a Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale. Stroke, 30(7), 1362-1369.
Majina mbadala	mRS, Rankin Scale, Modified Rankin	MS QoL-54	Stroke-Specific QoL, SS-QOL
Zinazohusiana	4	4	4
Muhtasari	The Modified Rankin Scale is a simple 0-6 ordinal measure of global disability or dependency in patients with stroke and other neurological conditions. Originally developed by Rankin in 1957 and modified by van Swieten and colleagues in 1988, it remains the most widely used global disability outcome in stroke clinical trials and clinical practice. Its simplicity, brevity, and strong prognostic association make it the gold standard for acute stroke outcome measurement and is mandated as a primary endpoint in virtually all stroke therapeutic trials.	The MSQOL-54 is a disease-specific quality-of-life instrument designed to assess the physical and mental burden of multiple sclerosis on patients' daily functioning and well-being. Developed by Vickrey and colleagues in 1995, it combines the widely-used SF-36 generic health questionnaire with 18 MS-specific items to provide comprehensive measurement of QoL in MS populations. This scale is a cornerstone tool in MS clinical research and patient monitoring.	The SS-QoL is a disease-specific quality-of-life instrument designed to capture the multidimensional impact of stroke on survivors' functional and emotional well-being. Developed by Williams and colleagues in 1999, this 49-item scale addresses stroke-specific concerns including language, cognition, mobility, and emotional functioning. It is a gold-standard instrument for stroke outcome research and routine clinical monitoring of post-stroke recovery.