Linganisha mbinu

	Vidokezo vya Uga vya Simu	Uchunguzi Shirikishi
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Utafiti wa Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2000s–2010s (digital turn in ethnography)	1922
Mwanzilishi	Emergent from digital ethnography practice; theorised notably by Sarah Pink and colleagues	Bronislaw Malinowski
Aina	Qualitative data collection technique	Method
Chanzo asilia	Pink, S., Horst, H., Postill, J., Hjorth, L., Lewis, T., & Tacchi, J. (2016). Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice. Sage. ISBN: 978-1446287972	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465026432
Majina mbadala	digital field notes, smartphone field notes, mobile ethnographic notes, in-situ digital notes	ethnographic observation, participatory observation, overt observation, immersive observation
Zinazohusiana	6	4
Muhtasari	Mobile Field Notes is a data collection technique in which researchers use smartphones, tablets, or wearable devices to record observations, reflections, photographs, audio, or video in real time during fieldwork. By capturing data at the moment and place of occurrence, the method reduces recall bias and enables richer, contextually anchored documentation compared with traditional pen-and-paper notes written retrospectively.	Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, or social setting for an extended period, engaging in the activities and relationships of the group while systematically observing and documenting behavior, interactions, and cultural meaning. Pioneered by Malinowski in the 1920s and developed in anthropology, the method has been adopted across sociology, education, health sciences, and organizational research. The researcher functions as both insider (participating in group activities) and outsider (maintaining analytical distance), generating thick description—rich accounts of context, behavior, and meaning that reveal how people actually live and interact.