Linganisha mbinu

	Vidokezo vya Uga vya Simu	Uchunguzi usioshiriki
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Metodolojia ya Dodoso
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2000s–2010s (digital turn in ethnography)	Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys
Mwanzilishi	Emergent from digital ethnography practice; theorised notably by Sarah Pink and colleagues	Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology
Aina	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection
Chanzo asilia	Pink, S., Horst, H., Postill, J., Hjorth, L., Lewis, T., & Tacchi, J. (2016). Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice. Sage. ISBN: 978-1446287972	Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223.
Majina mbadala	digital field notes, smartphone field notes, mobile ethnographic notes, in-situ digital notes	detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Mobile Field Notes is a data collection technique in which researchers use smartphones, tablets, or wearable devices to record observations, reflections, photographs, audio, or video in real time during fieldwork. By capturing data at the moment and place of occurrence, the method reduces recall bias and enables richer, contextually anchored documentation compared with traditional pen-and-paper notes written retrospectively.	Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement.