Linganisha mbinu

	Njia Nyingi za Kuingiza Nyingi za Kutokeza (MIMO)	Kuweka Nambari kwa Njia ya Turbo na Uondoaji wa Nambari kwa Njia ya Iterative
Nyanja	Mawasiliano ya Simu	Mawasiliano ya Simu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1995	1993
Mwanzilishi	Telatar, Foschini, and Gans	Claude Berrou, Alain Glavieux, and Punya Thitimajshima
Aina	spatial multiplexing technique	iterative error-correcting code
Chanzo asilia	Telatar, I. (1999). Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels. European Transactions on Telecommunications, 10(6), 585-595.	Berrou, C., Glavieux, A., & Thitimajshima, P. (1993). Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 1064-1070.
Majina mbadala	spatial multiplexing, antenna diversity	iterative decoding, concatenated codes
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	MIMO is a technique that uses multiple transmit and receive antennas to significantly increase channel capacity and reliability. Pioneered theoretically by Telatar (1999) and Foschini & Gans (1998), MIMO exploits multipath propagation—typically a liability in wireless—as an asset by creating independent spatial channels. It is now fundamental to all modern wireless systems including LTE, WiFi-6, and 5G, where it provides both capacity gains through spatial multiplexing and robustness through diversity.	Turbo codes, introduced by Berrou, Glavieux, and Thitimajshima in 1993, are a landmark in channel coding history. They achieve performance within 0.5 dB of the Shannon limit—the theoretical boundary for reliable communication—a feat previously thought impossible with practical complexity. Turbo codes use concatenated convolutional codes with an interleaver and iterative decoding via belief propagation. They were adopted in 3G (UMTS) and remain important in 4G/5G systems alongside LDPC codes.