Linganisha mbinu

	Njia Nyingi za Kuingiza Nyingi za Kutokeza (MIMO)	Mfumo wa Uenezi wa Ufuatiliaji wa Miale
Nyanja	Mawasiliano ya Simu	Mawasiliano ya Simu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1995	1993
Mwanzilishi	Telatar, Foschini, and Gans	Maciel, Bertoni, and Xia
Aina	spatial multiplexing technique	deterministic propagation algorithm
Chanzo asilia	Telatar, I. (1999). Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels. European Transactions on Telecommunications, 10(6), 585-595.	Maciel, T. F., Bertoni, H. L., & Xia, H. H. (1993). Unified approach to prediction of propagation over buildings for all ranges of frequencies. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 42(1), 41-45.
Majina mbadala	spatial multiplexing, antenna diversity	deterministic propagation, site-specific modeling
Zinazohusiana	5	4
Muhtasari	MIMO is a technique that uses multiple transmit and receive antennas to significantly increase channel capacity and reliability. Pioneered theoretically by Telatar (1999) and Foschini & Gans (1998), MIMO exploits multipath propagation—typically a liability in wireless—as an asset by creating independent spatial channels. It is now fundamental to all modern wireless systems including LTE, WiFi-6, and 5G, where it provides both capacity gains through spatial multiplexing and robustness through diversity.	Ray tracing is a deterministic propagation modeling technique for predicting electromagnetic field strength at specific locations. Instead of empirical formulas (like Okumura-Hata), ray tracing traces paths of electromagnetic energy as it reflects, diffracts, and scatters off buildings and terrain. With accurate 3D geometry and material properties, ray tracing predicts site-specific path loss, multipath delay profiles, and angle of arrival, making it ideal for detailed coverage planning, interference analysis, and system design. Ray tracing is now standard in professional cellular planning tools.