Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Meta	Upendeleo wa Uchapishaji
Nyanja	Uandishi wa Kitaaluma	Takwimu za Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1976	1979
Mwanzilishi	Glass (1976, term coining); Fisher and Pearson (statistical foundations)	Robert Rosenthal
Aina	Document Type	Concept
Chanzo asilia	Page, M. J., et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71.	Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638–641.
Majina mbadala	quantitative synthesis, meta-synthesis, pooled analysis, statistical integration	file drawer problem, selective reporting, outcome reporting bias, funnel plot asymmetry
Zinazohusiana	2	4
Muhtasari	Meta-analysis is the statistical pooling of quantitative findings from multiple independent studies to produce a combined effect estimate. By aggregating data across studies, meta-analysis increases statistical power, reduces random error, and provides a precise summary of an intervention's effectiveness or an association's magnitude. Gene V. Glass coined the term in 1976, formalizing a technique that has become indispensable for evidence synthesis in medicine, psychology, education, and other evidence-based disciplines.	Publication bias occurs when the results of a study influence whether the study is published. Typically, studies with statistically significant or positive results are more likely to be published than studies with non-significant or negative results, even if both are scientifically valid. This bias distorts the published literature, making treatments appear more effective than they actually are. Rosenthal (1979) termed this the 'file drawer problem': research with null results sits in file drawers, unpublished, creating a biased sample of published evidence. Funnel plots and statistical tests (e.g., Egger test) can detect asymmetry suggesting publication bias; meta-analyses must account for this bias.