Linganisha mbinu

	Maswali ya Uelewa wa Vyombo vya Habari	Kiwango cha Ustawi wa Kidijitali
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Mitandao ya Kijamii	Saikolojia ya Mitandao ya Kijamii
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2018	2022
Mwanzilishi	Rachel Wilson, Susan Luo, Yoong Wan Cheong, and Stella Tan	Isabel Pinto de Azevedo, Bárbara Marques, and José Mata
Aina	Self-report	Self-report
Chanzo asilia	Wilson, R., Luo, S., Cheong, Y. W., & Tan, S. H. (2018). The development of a media literacy questionnaire in the social media context. Asian Journal of Communication, 28(4), 426–444.	Azevedo, I. P., Marques, B., & Mata, J. (2022). Development and psychometric evaluation of a digital wellbeing scale. Telematics and Informatics, 67, 101765.
Majina mbadala	MLQ, Media Literacy Assessment	DWS, Digital Health
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Media Literacy Questionnaire is a self-report instrument that assesses individuals' critical abilities regarding digital media: evaluating source credibility, identifying misinformation, recognizing advertising and algorithmic influence, and understanding media ownership and bias. Developed by Wilson and colleagues in 2018, it measures the cognitive and critical skills essential for navigating contemporary media environments effectively.	The Digital Wellbeing Scale is a multidimensional self-report instrument that assesses positive and negative aspects of technology use, capturing not just problematic behaviors but also digital resources supporting wellbeing. Developed by Azevedo and colleagues in 2022, this scale recognizes that digital engagement exists on a spectrum from harmful to beneficial, and measures protective factors alongside risk factors.