Linganisha mbinu

	Jaribio la McDonald-Kreitman	Nadharia ya Coalescent	Jaribio la HKA	Selection Sweep (Tajima's D)
Nyanja	Jenetiki	Jenetiki	Jenetiki	Jenetiki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1991	1982	1987	1989
Mwanzilishi	James McDonald & Martin Kreitman	John Kingman	Richard Hudson, Martin Kreitman & Montserrat Aguade	Fumio Tajima
Aina	Hypothesis test	Stochastic process model	Statistical test	Neutrality test
Chanzo asilia	McDonald, J. H., & Kreitman, M. (1991). Adaptive protein evolution at the Adh locus in Drosophila. Nature, 351(6328), 652–654.	Kingman, J. F. C. (1982). The coalescent. Stochastic Processes and their Applications, 13(3), 235–248.	Hudson, R. R., Kreitman, M., & Aguadé, M. (1987). A test of neutral molecular evolution based on nucleotide data. Genetics, 116(1), 153–159.	Tajima, F. (1989). Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics, 123(3), 585–595.
Majina mbadala	MK test, Positive selection test	Kingman Coalescent, n-coalescent	HKA test, Polymorphism divergence test	Tajima's D test, Selective sweep analysis, Neutrality test
Zinazohusiana	4	4	4	4
Muhtasari	The McDonald-Kreitman (MK) test is a statistical method for detecting adaptive evolution by comparing ratios of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions within and between species. Developed by James McDonald and Martin Kreitman in 1991, this test exploits the key insight that neutral mutations accumulate at similar rates within and between species, while adaptive (nonsynonymous) substitutions should be enriched between species if they have been fixed by positive selection. The MK test has become a standard tool in molecular evolutionary biology for identifying genes under natural selection.	Coalescent theory is a probabilistic framework that traces the genealogical history of DNA sequences backward in time to their most recent common ancestor. Developed by John Kingman in 1982, this method forms the foundation of modern population genetics, enabling researchers to understand demographic events, estimate genetic parameters, and reconstruct evolutionary histories from modern genetic data.	The Hudson-Kreitman-Aguade (HKA) test is a statistical method that tests for neutral evolution by comparing levels of within-population polymorphism and between-population divergence at multiple loci. Developed by Hudson, Kreitman, and Aguade in 1987, this test uses the principle that neutral loci should show expected relationships between polymorphism and divergence. Loci deviating from these relationships are candidates for selection. The HKA test is particularly useful for detecting selection in genome-wide surveys because it uses relative comparisons across loci rather than requiring external calibration.	Tajima's D is a statistical test designed to detect selective sweeps—recent, rapid fixation of advantageous mutations—from patterns of genetic variation in DNA sequences. Developed by Fumio Tajima in 1989, this test measures deviations from neutrality by comparing different measures of DNA sequence diversity. A significant Tajima's D value indicates departure from neutral evolution, suggesting positive selection, population structure, or demographic events.