Linganisha mbinu

	Jaribio la McDonald-Kreitman	Nadharia ya Coalescent	F-takwimu (FST)
Nyanja	Jenetiki	Jenetiki	Jenetiki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1991	1982	1951
Mwanzilishi	James McDonald & Martin Kreitman	John Kingman	Sewall Wright
Aina	Hypothesis test	Stochastic process model	Population differentiation measure
Chanzo asilia	McDonald, J. H., & Kreitman, M. (1991). Adaptive protein evolution at the Adh locus in Drosophila. Nature, 351(6328), 652–654.	Kingman, J. F. C. (1982). The coalescent. Stochastic Processes and their Applications, 13(3), 235–248.	Wright, S. (1951). The genetical structure of populations. Annals of Eugenics, 15(4), 323–354.
Majina mbadala	MK test, Positive selection test	Kingman Coalescent, n-coalescent	FST, Wright's F-statistics, Population differentiation index
Zinazohusiana	4	4	4
Muhtasari	The McDonald-Kreitman (MK) test is a statistical method for detecting adaptive evolution by comparing ratios of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions within and between species. Developed by James McDonald and Martin Kreitman in 1991, this test exploits the key insight that neutral mutations accumulate at similar rates within and between species, while adaptive (nonsynonymous) substitutions should be enriched between species if they have been fixed by positive selection. The MK test has become a standard tool in molecular evolutionary biology for identifying genes under natural selection.	Coalescent theory is a probabilistic framework that traces the genealogical history of DNA sequences backward in time to their most recent common ancestor. Developed by John Kingman in 1982, this method forms the foundation of modern population genetics, enabling researchers to understand demographic events, estimate genetic parameters, and reconstruct evolutionary histories from modern genetic data.	F-statistics are a family of measures developed by Sewall Wright to quantify population genetic structure and the degree of genetic differentiation between populations. FST, the most widely used F-statistic, measures the proportion of total genetic variation attributable to differences between populations versus within populations. FST ranges from zero (no differentiation) to one (complete differentiation). These statistics have become fundamental tools for understanding population structure, detecting population admixture, and analyzing the evolutionary forces shaping genetic variation.