Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Kiwango cha Juu cha Utatanishi	Uchaguzi wa Kesi Zinazotofautiana
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Metodolojia ya Dodoso
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1985 (Lincoln & Guba); elaborated 1990–2002 (Patton)	1990
Mwanzilishi	Lincoln & Guba; systematised by Michael Quinn Patton	Michael Quinn Patton
Aina	Purposive qualitative sampling strategy	Purposive qualitative sampling strategy
Chanzo asilia	Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.). Sage. Chapter 5: Purposeful Sampling. ISBN: 978-0761919711	Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761919711
Majina mbadala	maximum variation sampling, maximum diversity sampling, MVS, heterogeneous sampling	extreme case sampling, outlier sampling, negative case sampling, deviant-case selection
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	Maximum variation sampling is a purposive qualitative sampling strategy in which the researcher deliberately selects cases that span the widest possible range of variation on dimensions central to the study. The goal is not statistical representation but the identification of common patterns that cut across diverse cases as well as the documentation of the unique ways each context shapes the phenomenon under investigation.	Deviant case sampling is a purposive qualitative sampling strategy in which the researcher intentionally selects cases that are unusual, exceptional, or markedly different from the norm — outliers, extreme successes, or conspicuous failures. The goal is not statistical representation but deep learning from cases that illuminate the boundaries of a phenomenon, challenge prevailing assumptions, or reveal processes that typical cases obscure.