Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti Linganishi wa Kesi-Udhibiti Uliowekwa Kwenye Kiota	Ulinganishaji wa Alama ya Mwelekeo
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Takwimu za Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1970s	1983
Mwanzilishi	Mantel (1973), Thomas (1977); formalized by Breslow & Day (1980)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
Aina	Observational analytic study design	Method
Chanzo asilia	Rothman, K.J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T.L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
Majina mbadala	matched NCC study, nested case-control with matching, matched risk-set sampling, incidence density matched case-control	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
Zinazohusiana	5	3
Muhtasari	A matched nested case-control study is an efficient observational design embedded within a defined cohort. When a participant develops the outcome of interest (a case), a small number of controls are sampled from those still at risk at that moment and matched to the case on key variables such as age, sex, or calendar time. This design preserves the temporal structure of the underlying cohort while sharply reducing the cost of exposure measurement.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.