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| Uchambuzi wa Dozi-Mwitikio Ulinganifu× | Utafiti wa Cohort× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Epidemiolojia | Epidemiolojia |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1970s–1980s | Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s) |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Developed within the matched case-control framework; formalized by Breslow and Day (1980) and Rothman and colleagues | Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854) |
| Aina≠ | Analytical epidemiological method | Observational longitudinal study design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Rothman, K.J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T.L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641 | Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641 |
| Majina mbadala | matched trend analysis, dose-response in matched designs, exposure-response analysis with matching, matched exposure-gradient analysis | longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 4 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Matched dose-response analysis evaluates whether increasing levels of exposure are associated with proportionally increasing (or decreasing) risk of an outcome, within a study where cases and controls — or exposed and unexposed individuals — have been deliberately matched on key confounders such as age, sex, or study site. Matching controls residual confounding structurally, while the dose-response component tests whether the exposure-outcome relationship follows a biologically plausible gradient, strengthening causal inference. | A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome. |
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