Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kikundi Kilinganishwa	Ulinganishaji wa Alama ya Mwelekeo
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Takwimu za Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Mid-20th century; propensity-score variant 1983	1983
Mwanzilishi	Established practice; propensity-score matching formalized by Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
Aina	Observational analytic study design	Method
Chanzo asilia	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
Majina mbadala	matched follow-up study, paired cohort study, propensity-matched cohort, matched prospective study	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
Zinazohusiana	5	3
Muhtasari	A matched cohort study is an observational design in which each exposed participant is paired with one or more unexposed counterparts who share key characteristics — such as age, sex, or comorbidity status — before both groups are followed forward in time to compare incident outcomes. Matching controls for measured confounders at the design stage, reducing bias that would otherwise require statistical adjustment alone.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.