Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kikundi Kilinganishwa	Utafiti wa Kesi-udhibiti
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Mid-20th century; propensity-score variant 1983	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
Mwanzilishi	Established practice; propensity-score matching formalized by Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983)	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
Aina	Observational analytic study design	Observational analytic study design
Chanzo asilia	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
Majina mbadala	matched follow-up study, paired cohort study, propensity-matched cohort, matched prospective study	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
Zinazohusiana	5	6
Muhtasari	A matched cohort study is an observational design in which each exposed participant is paired with one or more unexposed counterparts who share key characteristics — such as age, sex, or comorbidity status — before both groups are followed forward in time to compare incident outcomes. Matching controls for measured confounders at the design stage, reducing bias that would otherwise require statistical adjustment alone.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.