Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti Ulinganifu wa Kesi na Kidhibiti	Ulinganishaji wa Alama ya Mwelekeo
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Takwimu za Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1950s–1970s	1983
Mwanzilishi	Brian MacMahon and others; systematised by Schlesselman (1982)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
Aina	Observational analytic design	Method
Chanzo asilia	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755474	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
Majina mbadala	matched case-referent study, individually matched case-control, pair-matched case-control, matched case-control design	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
Zinazohusiana	5	3
Muhtasari	A matched case-control study is an observational epidemiological design in which each case (a person with the disease or outcome of interest) is paired with one or more controls (persons without the outcome) who share one or more characteristics — such as age, sex, or clinical setting — to control confounding. Exposure history is then compared between cases and their matched controls to estimate the odds ratio of the exposure-disease association.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.