Linganisha mbinu

	Modelu ya Multifractal ya Kubadilisha-badilisha ya Markov	Kichujio cha Kalman
Nyanja	Mfululizo wa Muda	Mbinu za Bayes
Familia	Process / pipeline	Bayesian methods
Mwaka wa asili	2004	1960
Mwanzilishi	Luc E. Calvet	Rudolf E. Kalman
Aina	Stochastic volatility model	recursive Bayesian filter
Chanzo asilia	Calvet, L. E., & Fisher, A. J. (2004). How to forecast long-run volatility: regime-switching and the estimation of multifractal processes. Journal of Financial Econometrics, 2(1), 49–83.	Kalman, R. E. (1960). A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Journal of Basic Engineering, 82(1), 35-45.
Majina mbadala	MSM, Markov-switching multifractal volatility	linear quadratic estimator, LQE, Kalman-Bucy filter, optimal recursive filter
Zinazohusiana	3	5
Muhtasari	The Markov-Switching Multifractal (MSM) model is a flexible framework for capturing time-varying volatility and long-memory effects in financial time series. Developed by Calvet and Fisher (2004), it combines Markov chain theory with multifractal scaling principles to generate volatility that exhibits multiple frequency components, each switching between high and low regimes. This approach is particularly effective for modeling asset returns with realistic fat tails and clustered volatility.	The Kalman filter is an optimal recursive algorithm for estimating the hidden state of a linear dynamical system from noisy measurements. At each time step it alternates between a prediction step — projecting the state forward using the system model — and an update step that corrects the prediction with the new observation, producing minimum-variance state estimates and their uncertainty in real time.