Linganisha mbinu

	Mfumo wa Mnyororo wa Markov katika Uchumi wa Afya	Mwaka wa Maisha Uliorekebishwa kwa Ubora (QALY)
Nyanja	Uchumi wa Afya	Uchumi wa Afya
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1983	1985
Mwanzilishi	Beck & Pauker (medical decision analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital)	Alan Williams (Health Economics Research Centre, Oxford University)
Aina	Method	Method
Chanzo asilia	Beck, J. R., & Pauker, S. G. (1983). The Markov Process in Medical Prognosis. Medical Decision Making, 3(4), 419-458.	Kind, P. (1989). The EuroQol instrument: an index of health-related quality of life. In B. Teeling Smith (Ed.), Measuring health: a practical approach. Chichester: Wiley.
Majina mbadala	Markov model, state transition model, cohort simulation	QALY, health utility measure
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	A Markov model is a decision-analytic tool that simulates disease progression through defined health states over time, calculating cumulative costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) to enable cost-effectiveness analysis. Developed by Beck and Pauker in 1983, Markov models are now the standard framework for projecting long-term outcomes of health interventions, especially chronic diseases where patients transition between clinical states (treatment response, disease progression, remission, death). Used by health technology assessment bodies and pharmaceutical companies to predict intervention value beyond trial duration.	A QALY measures health benefit as utility weight (0 = death, 1 = perfect health) multiplied by time lived. Developed by Alan Williams in 1985, QALYs enable comparison of disparate health interventions on a common metric. Used globally by health technology assessment bodies—NICE (UK), HAS (France), CADTH (Canada), WHO—to decide which treatments deserve public funding.