Linganisha mbinu

	Mahojiano yaliyopangwa kwa muda mrefu	Utafiti wa Cohort
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1970s–present	Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)
Mwanzilishi	Established practice in panel and cohort research; codified in survey methodology literature from the 1970s onward	Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)
Aina	Longitudinal quantitative data collection method	Observational longitudinal study design
Chanzo asilia	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922452	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
Majina mbadala	panel structured interview, repeated structured interview, longitudinal survey interview, wave-based structured interview	longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study
Zinazohusiana	4	6
Muhtasari	A longitudinal structured interview applies a fixed, standardised interview schedule to the same participants at two or more points in time. By holding the instrument constant across waves, the method enables genuine within-person change to be measured, trends to be tracked, and causal sequences to be examined with far greater confidence than a single cross-sectional interview can provide. It is widely used in panel studies, cohort research, and programme evaluations.	A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.