Linganisha mbinu

	Uchunguzi wa Muda Mrefu Usio wa Kushiriki	Utafiti wa Kimaadili
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Early–mid 20th century (systematized 1920s–1970s)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Mwanzilishi	Rooted in sociological field research traditions (e.g., Chicago School); longitudinal extension developed through 20th-century social science methodology	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Aina	Longitudinal observational data collection	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Chanzo asilia	Angrosino, M. (2007). Doing Ethnographic and Observational Research. Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1412922173	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Majina mbadala	longitudinal unobtrusive observation, repeated non-participant observation, longitudinal systematic observation, extended non-participant field observation	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Zinazohusiana	4	5
Muhtasari	Longitudinal non-participant observation is a data collection method in which a researcher systematically watches and records naturally occurring behaviors, interactions, or events at a setting over multiple, repeated observation sessions spanning weeks, months, or years — without joining or influencing the activities being observed. The researcher remains an external observer, producing a time-ordered record of change or continuity in the phenomenon under study.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.