Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Uchambuzi wa Kipengee cha Muda Mrefu× | Nadharia ya Itikio la Kipengee (IRT)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikometriki | Saikometriki |
| Familia | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1990s–2000s | 1952–1968 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Vandenberg, Lance, Meade and colleagues in organizational/educational measurement | Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models) |
| Aina≠ | Item-level longitudinal diagnostic | Probabilistic measurement model |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C. & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 568–592. DOI ↗ | Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley. link ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | LIA, repeated-measures item analysis, longitudinal item calibration, item parameter stability analysis | IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Longitudinal item analysis examines how the statistical properties of individual scale items — difficulty, discrimination, factor loadings, and fit — remain stable or change systematically across repeated measurement occasions. It is the item-level foundation of longitudinal measurement validity. | Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons. |
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