Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Uchambuzi wa Kipengee cha Muda Mrefu× | Kufanya Kazi Tofauti kwa Vipengele (DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikometriki | Saikometriki |
| Familia | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1990s–2000s | 1970s–1993 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Vandenberg, Lance, Meade and colleagues in organizational/educational measurement | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| Aina≠ | Item-level longitudinal diagnostic | Item-level bias detection |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C. & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 568–592. DOI ↗ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| Majina mbadala | LIA, repeated-measures item analysis, longitudinal item calibration, item parameter stability analysis | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Longitudinal item analysis examines how the statistical properties of individual scale items — difficulty, discrimination, factor loadings, and fit — remain stable or change systematically across repeated measurement occasions. It is the item-level foundation of longitudinal measurement validity. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
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