Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Uchambuzi wa Kipengee cha Muda Mrefu× | Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikometriki | Saikometriki |
| Familia | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1990s–2000s | 1969 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Vandenberg, Lance, Meade and colleagues in organizational/educational measurement | Karl Gustav Jöreskog |
| Aina≠ | Item-level longitudinal diagnostic | Hypothesis-testing latent variable model |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C. & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 568–592. DOI ↗ | Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | LIA, repeated-measures item analysis, longitudinal item calibration, item parameter stability analysis | CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 6 | 4 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Longitudinal item analysis examines how the statistical properties of individual scale items — difficulty, discrimination, factor loadings, and fit — remain stable or change systematically across repeated measurement occasions. It is the item-level foundation of longitudinal measurement validity. | Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing. |
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