Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kina wa Kijamii	Utafiti wa Kimaadili
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1920s (classical origins); refined 1990s–2000s	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Mwanzilishi	Rooted in classical anthropological fieldwork (Malinowski, 1922); systematised for sociological revisits by Michael Burawoy (2003)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Aina	Qualitative research design	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Chanzo asilia	Burawoy, M. (2003). Revisits: An outline of a theory of reflexive ethnography. American Sociological Review, 68(5), 645–679.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Majina mbadala	extended ethnography, long-term fieldwork, sustained ethnographic study, longitudinal field research	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	Longitudinal ethnography is a qualitative research design in which a researcher conducts sustained, repeated fieldwork with the same community, organisation, or group across an extended period — months to decades. By returning to the field at multiple time points, the researcher captures how social processes, meanings, and structures evolve, making it the only qualitative method capable of directly observing change and continuity in lived experience.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.