Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Mihadhara wa Muda Mrefu	Utafiti wa Kimaadili
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1990s–2000s (systematised as a distinct approach)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Mwanzilishi	Norman Fairclough; Jan Blommaert; applied linguists in sociolinguistics and CDA traditions	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Aina	Qualitative longitudinal research design	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Chanzo asilia	Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415258937	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Majina mbadala	LDA, diachronic discourse analysis, longitudinal CDA, discourse change analysis	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Longitudinal Discourse Analysis (LDA) is a qualitative research approach that examines how discourse — language in use, texts, talk, and representational practices — changes across time. Rather than analysing a single snapshot of language, LDA collects and compares discourse data at multiple points to uncover how meanings, identities, ideologies, or social practices evolve, stabilise, or shift under the influence of historical, institutional, or societal forces.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.