Linganisha mbinu

	Maswali ya Maudhui ya Kazi	Kiwango cha Msongo wa Mawazo Unaoonekana
Nyanja	Tabia ya Shirika	Tabia ya Shirika
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1985	1983
Mwanzilishi	Robert A. Karasek	Sheldon Cohen, Tom Kamarck, and Robin Mermelstein
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Karasek, R. A., Jr. (1985). Job Content Questionnaire and user's guide. Los Angeles: University of Southern California Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering.	Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396.
Majina mbadala	JCQ, Karasek Strain Questionnaire	PSS
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), developed by Robert Karasek in 1985, operationalizes the Job Strain Model, a foundational theory linking job characteristics to health outcomes. The JCQ measures job demands, decision latitude (autonomy and skill utilization), social support, and physical exertion. It identifies high-strain jobs (high demands, low control)—the most hazardous combination—and supports research linking work organization to cardiovascular disease, mental health, and occupational disability.	The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), developed by Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein in 1983, is the most widely used measure of subjective stress in research and clinical practice. Available in 10-item (PSS-10) and 14-item (PSS-14) versions, the PSS assesses the degree to which individuals perceive situations as unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overwhelming. The scale captures stress as a result of how people interpret and react to life events rather than the events themselves.