Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Nadharia ya Itikio la Kipengee (IRT)× | Uundaji wa Kipimo× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikometriki | Saikometriki |
| Familia | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1952–1968 | 1991–1995 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models) | Multiple contributors; codified by Robert DeVellis and Lee Anna Clark & David Watson |
| Aina≠ | Probabilistic measurement model | Multi-step methodological framework |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley. link ↗ | DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. ISBN: 978-1506341569 |
| Majina mbadala | IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory | questionnaire construction, instrument development, measurement scale construction, psychometric scale building |
| Zinazohusiana | 5 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons. | Scale development is a structured, multi-step process for creating psychometrically sound measurement instruments that capture latent psychological constructs. It encompasses construct definition, item generation, expert review, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability estimation, and validity evidence collection — producing a final set of items suitable for quantitative research. |
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