Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Kipengee (Nadharia ya Majaribio ya Kawaida)	Kusawazisha Vipimo
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1979	1984 (modern statistical treatment)
Mwanzilishi	Classical Test Theory tradition; foundational texts by Allen & Yen (1979) and Crocker & Algina (1986)	Kolen & Brennan (foundational treatise, 2004/2014); Holland & Dorans (2006)
Aina	Descriptive / psychometric screening	Score transformation / latent-scale calibration
Chanzo asilia	Allen, M. J. & Yen, W. M. (1979). Introduction to Measurement Theory. Brooks/Cole. ISBN: 978-0818501333	Kolen, M.J. & Brennan, R.L. (2014). Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4939-0316-6
Majina mbadala	Madde Analizi (Klasik Test Kuramı), CTT item analysis, classical item analysis	Test Eşitleme (Test Equating), score equating, equipercentile equating, IRT true-score equating
Zinazohusiana	5	4
Muhtasari	Item analysis is the foundational psychometric procedure for evaluating the quality of individual test or scale items within the Classical Test Theory (CTT) framework, as systematised by Allen and Yen (1979) and Crocker and Algina (1986). It produces an item difficulty index, an item discrimination index, and a distractor analysis for each item, enabling test developers to identify items that are too easy, too hard, or failing to separate high- and low-ability respondents.	Test equating is a family of statistical methods that converts scores earned on one test form onto the score scale of another form, so that scores from different administrations or versions can be compared and reported on a common metric. The foundational modern treatment is Kolen and Brennan (2004/2014); Holland and Dorans (2006) provide the authoritative chapter-length overview within the field of educational measurement.