Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi Tafsiri wa Mazungumzo	Uchanganuzi wa Wigo
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Utafiti wa Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1960s–1970s (CA); interpretive strand formalised 1990s–2000s	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)
Mwanzilishi	Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, Gail Jefferson (CA foundations); interpretive extension by discourse scholars including Margaret Wetherell	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell
Aina	Qualitative discourse research design	Method
Chanzo asilia	ten Have, P. (2007). Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1412922271	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.
Majina mbadala	ICA, interpretive CA, hermeneutic conversation analysis, qualitative conversation analysis	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis
Zinazohusiana	6	2
Muhtasari	Interpretive conversation analysis (ICA) examines how meaning is co-constructed turn by turn in talk, combining the micro-sequential rigour of classic conversation analysis with an explicitly interpretive stance. Rather than treating sequential organisation as the sole analytic object, ICA asks what participants are doing socially and discursively through their turns — what identities, institutional agendas, and power relations are built and contested in interaction. It draws on naturally occurring or recorded talk from social, institutional, or interview settings.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.