Linganisha mbinu

	Kielelezo cha Mwitikio wa Kuingiliana (Interpersonal Reactivity Index)	Kiwango cha Rasismi ya Kisasa
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kijamii	Saikolojia ya Kijamii
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1980	1986
Mwanzilishi	Mark H. Davis	John B. McConahay
Aina	Self-report Likert scale	Self-report Likert scale
Chanzo asilia	Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.	McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91–125). Academic Press.
Majina mbadala	IRI	MRS
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) is a 28-item self-report measure developed by Mark H. Davis in 1980 to assess individual differences in empathy as a multidimensional construct. Rather than treating empathy as a single trait, the IRI measures four distinct empathic dimensions: perspective-taking, fantasy, empathic concern, and personal distress. It has become the most widely used multidimensional empathy measure in psychological and social science research.	The Modern Racism Scale (MRS) is a 7-item self-report measure developed by John B. McConahay in 1986 to assess subtle, contemporary forms of racial prejudice. Rather than measuring overt hostility, the MRS captures attitudes reflecting the belief that discrimination no longer exists and that racial minorities make illegitimate demands. The scale addresses limitations of earlier instruments by focusing on modern manifestations of racial bias.