Linganisha mbinu

	Intergroup Threat Scale	Emotion Appraisal in Politics
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Siasa	Saikolojia ya Siasa
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1999	2000
Mwanzilishi	Walter G. Stephan & Cookie White Stephan	George Marcus, Russell Neuman & Michael MacKuen; Ted Brader
Aina	Self-report attitude scale	Survey/lab experiment
Chanzo asilia	Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(11), 2221-2237.	Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226504698
Majina mbadala	Integrated Threat Scale, Realistic and Symbolic Threat Scale, Perceived Threat Scale	Affective Intelligence Experiment, Political Emotion Appraisal Study, Discrete Emotions Politics Measure
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Intergroup Threat Scale operationalizes intergroup (originally integrated) threat theory (Stephan & Stephan), which holds that prejudice toward an out-group arises from perceived realistic threats (to the in-group's resources, power, or welfare) and symbolic threats (to its values, beliefs, and worldview). It is a self-report measure widely used to explain attitudes toward immigrants and other out-groups in political psychology.	Emotion appraisal in politics studies how distinct emotions, anxiety, anger, enthusiasm, and others, arise from cognitive appraisals of political events and in turn shape attention, information seeking, persuasion, and participation. It combines appraisal theory with affective intelligence theory (Marcus, Neuman and MacKuen, 2000) and Brader's (2006) work on emotional campaign appeals, typically measured through experiments and surveys that elicit and analyze discrete emotional responses.