Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Kiwango cha Mawasiliano baina ya Vikundi× | Kiwango cha Umoja wa Kijamii× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Sosholojia ya Siasa | Sosholojia ya Siasa |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1954–2008 | 1997–2006 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Gordon Allport, Thomas Pettigrew, Linda Tropp | Robert Sampson, Ray Forrest, Akhtar Kearns |
| Aina | Self-report questionnaire | Self-report questionnaire |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley. link ↗ | Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918-924. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | ICS, Contact Quality Index | SCS, Social Integration Index |
| Zinazohusiana | 5 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The Intergroup Contact Scale measures the quantity and quality of face-to-face interaction between members of different social groups (racial, ethnic, religious, national, or other categories). Rooted in Gordon Allport's contact hypothesis (1954), which proposed that prejudice decreases when groups interact under favorable conditions, the scale is fundamental in research on prejudice reduction, integration, and intergroup relations. | The Social Cohesion Scale measures the degree to which members of a community feel integrated, connected, and unified by shared values and mutual support. Developed across multiple traditions—notably by Robert Sampson and colleagues in criminology and urban sociology, and by Forrest & Kearns in housing research—it assesses both the structural glue (institutions, networks) and affective bonds (belonging, solidarity) that hold communities together. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
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