Linganisha mbinu

	Njia ya Vigezo vya Ala (IV) kwa Utafutaji wa Kifungo	Uchanganuzi wa Ufanisi wa Gharama (CEA)
Nyanja	Uchumi wa Afya	Uchumi wa Afya
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1990s (modern applications)	1984
Mwanzilishi	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Drummond & Stoddart (Health Economics Research Group, McMaster University)
Aina	Method	Method
Chanzo asilia	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Gold, M. R., Siegel, J. E., Russell, L. B., & Weinstein, M. C. (Eds.). (1996). Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
Majina mbadala	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	CEA, ICER, Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio
Zinazohusiana	3	5
Muhtasari	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	Cost-effectiveness analysis compares the incremental cost per unit of health benefit gained by one intervention relative to a comparator (standard care or best alternative). Developed rigorously in the 1980s by Drummond, Stoddart, and colleagues, CEA is now the standard framework for technology appraisal globally. NICE, HAS, CADTH, and other health technology assessment bodies use CEA to decide which treatments warrant public funding and at what price.