Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Kiwango cha Uaminifu wa Taasisi× | Kiwango cha Umoja wa Kijamii× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Sosholojia ya Siasa | Sosholojia ya Siasa |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1975–2011 | 1997–2006 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | David Easton, Marc Hetherington, Pippa Norris | Robert Sampson, Ray Forrest, Akhtar Kearns |
| Aina | Self-report questionnaire | Self-report questionnaire |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Hetherington, M. J. (2005). Why trust matters: Declining political trust and the demise of American liberalism. Princeton University Press. link ↗ | Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918-924. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | ITS, Institutional Confidence Index | SCS, Social Integration Index |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 4 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The Institutional Trust Scale measures an individual's confidence and trust in formal political and social institutions including parliament, courts, police, media, and civil service. Distinct from generalized interpersonal trust, institutional trust reflects belief in the legitimacy, fairness, and effectiveness of formal organizations that structure governance and public life. Developed in political science by scholars including David Easton and Marc Hetherington, it is a key indicator of democratic health and governance legitimacy. | The Social Cohesion Scale measures the degree to which members of a community feel integrated, connected, and unified by shared values and mutual support. Developed across multiple traditions—notably by Robert Sampson and colleagues in criminology and urban sociology, and by Forrest & Kearns in housing research—it assesses both the structural glue (institutions, networks) and affective bonds (belonging, solidarity) that hold communities together. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
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