Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Etnografia ya Kitaasisi× | Utafiti Shirikishi× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja≠ | Mbinu za Kimaelezo | Utafiti wa Kimaelezo |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1970s–1987 (developed through the 1970s–80s; consolidated in Smith 1987, 2005) | 1946 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Dorothy E. Smith | Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury |
| Aina≠ | Qualitative research method | Method |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Smith, D. E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 978-0759105010 | Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala≠ | IE, sociology for people, institutional ethnographic inquiry, Smith's institutional ethnography | Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 6 | 1 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Institutional Ethnography (IE) is a qualitative research method developed by Canadian sociologist Dorothy E. Smith that investigates how people's everyday lives are shaped and coordinated by institutional texts, rules, and relations of power. Starting from the lived experience of individuals in a particular standpoint, IE traces the social organization that governs their work and troubles — revealing how macro-level institutions operate through the micro-level activities of real people. | Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement. |
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