Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Utekelezaji wa Ubunifu	Nadharia ya Mchakato wa Kawaida (NPT)
Nyanja	Sayansi ya Utekelezaji	Sayansi ya Utekelezaji
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1983	2009
Mwanzilishi	Everett M. Rogers, PhD; Tornatzky & Klein framework; multiple measurement approaches	Carl R. May, PhD; Elena Murray, PhD; and colleagues at University of Sydney and UCL
Aina	Self-report questionnaire or behavioral tracking	Theoretical framework with qualitative and mixed-methods assessment
Chanzo asilia	Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations (5th ed.). New York: Free Press.	Murray, E., Treweek, S., Pope, C., MacFarlane, A., Ballini, L., Dowrick, C., ... & May, C. R. (2010). Normalizing adoption of new health care innovations: A systematic review of empirical studies. American Journal of Health Promotion, 24(4), e5–e15.
Majina mbadala	Adoption Scale, Innovation Adoption, Adoption Readiness	NPT, Normalization Process Theory, NPT Framework, Normalisation Process Theory
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	Innovation Adoption refers to the extent to which an innovation, evidence-based practice, or new technology is actually used by the target population or in the target setting. Adoption is typically measured as the percentage of eligible users/staff who have adopted the innovation by a specific time point, or the trajectory of adoption over time (adoption curve). Grounded in Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations theory, adoption is a key implementation outcome distinct from readiness (willingness to adopt), fidelity (quality of delivery), or effectiveness (impact on outcomes). An innovation can be widely adopted but delivered with low fidelity, or adopted by only a subset of users despite being efficacious. Adoption curves reflect organizational readiness, innovation-context fit, and implementation strategy effectiveness. Adoption is often the first implementation outcome to emerge, typically preceding fidelity and effectiveness improvements.	Normalization Process Theory (NPT) is a framework developed by May, Murray, and colleagues (2009) to explain how new practices, technologies, and innovations become embedded and sustained in everyday organizational and clinical work. Rather than viewing implementation as a one-time adoption event, NPT conceptualizes implementation as a process of normalization—the gradual transition from 'new and unusual' to 'normal, routine work integrated into standard processes.' NPT identifies four normalization mechanisms: Coherence (shared understanding of the intervention's purpose and value), Cognitive Participation (staff engagement and involvement in learning and using the intervention), Collective Action (the work required to implement, including workflow changes and resource allocation), and Reflexive Monitoring (ongoing reflection on impacts, benefits, and needed adaptations). NPT has become influential in implementation science research, particularly in health technology implementation and complex intervention studies, and provides a theoretical lens for understanding why some innovations become normalized while others are abandoned.